Needs of Farmers for Guidance Publication to the Development of Agricultural Extension in Anbar, Iraq

Guidance publication one of the most important sources of information for farmers about crop techniques,knowledge, and cropping information to get high productivity. Targeted research to asses the relationship between the wheat grower information level and recommendations of the Scientific pamphlet of wheat and some independent variables studied, as well as identify social characteristics, and functional for extension workers, and determine the reasons for non-use of the indicative releases from the point of view of agricultural workers. Iraq determines the research community in all extension agents to maintain a (92 Advisor) and sample farmer b (145 farms) of village farmers discussed (414) farms, selected a random sample of 35% of the province's villages and all of the following villages: ( Qusaiba village, Parwana and sons Hassan and corner Walnhih , Znkorh and the village of Black Hill).Data were collected by personal interview from 3 January  to 28 March 2014 through the resolution, analysis of research data on the frequencies, percentages and arithmetic mean, standard deviation, range, as any simple correlation coefficient.  The most significant results show that (18.6%) are small and that the information category (31, 7%), them with the information medium, and that (49.6%) They are with high information. Moral relationship at 0.01 level (0.05) between the level of agricultural information and (Gender, age, cultural openness, sources of information), and non-moral moral level 0, 05 for each of the following independent variables (marital status, Farming, engagement, agricultural property type, participate in outreach activities, the trend towards agricultural innovations). Keywords: Guidance Publication, Farmers, Field crops, Agricultural Extension, and Iraq

Training needs of agriculture extension officers in Iraq

This paper examines the training needs of extension agents in Iraq agriculture, specifically, the practice of different extension approaches, activities, methods and principal problems of extension agents in their fieldwork. Training in any form is intrinsic to organizational effectiveness and efficiency training. The type of training given to an individual who is gainfully employed but requires certain knowledge and skills to improve his efficiency. The purposes of this paper are 1) investigating the training needs for extension agents to perform their work effectively, 2) suggesting the suitable extension method for the present agricultural extension service in Iraq, and 3) identifying the primary functions and major problems of extension agents in Iraq 4) identifying the training needs in these study according to the areas of studies. In-service training of the Extension Agents is the call of the time. Training needs were assessed using the Borich Needs Assessment Model, This Model is designed around the skills individuals and groups need to be effective in the future and are used for making human resources decisions. Through trained Agricultural Extension Agents new agricultural technology can easily and favorably be transferred to clientele. According to the centralized administration, the extension workers have being practicing mostly the training and visit system in a top-down Iraq. Due to the non-involvement of local people in the extension program planning, implementation, and decision-making process, the extension service developed inefficiently. Therefore, the extension workers, researchers, and local farmers should cooperate in the extension work, especially in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of the extension program to develop the extension service in Iraq Agriculture. The local farmers should be involved in the decision-making process because they are really facing the problems in their field. All extension workers and subject matter specialists are now interested in implementing PEA in the future in the agricultural extension service

A need for investigating organizational climate and its impact on the performance

The role of agricultural extension in the development of agriculture throughout the world is very significant. It has remained one of the prime movers in the development of agriculture and invariably in the rural development. This paper reviewed some literature in organizational climate and its impact on the performance of agricultural extension workers in Iraq. The paper introduces some basic concepts underlying the meaning of agricultural extension, organizational climate and performance. The motivations and attentions are given to organizational climate to show through the relationship between the organizational climate and the other organizational changes, especially in the area of interaction between the individual and the regulatory environment which is determined by two basic axes. First axis is the individual’s characteristics associated to a large extent to his knowledge system and his educational and cultural experiences. The second axis represents the internal work environment which describes the distinctive features of the organization. This paper distinguishes some characteristics which are organizational structure, communication system, and the nature of the work, leadership style, decision-making styles, colleagues of work, and the nature and physical of working environment

The Learning Experience of Iraq Middle-Aged Adult Learner in Online Undergraduate Degree

This paper has based an interview with an Iraq Middle-aged adult female to gain her experience at how she completed an online course in Iraq. The paper presents findings from a case study which explored insights of her experience in online English programme in Iraq. The research questions focused on why Middle-aged adult learners could carry on and complete the programme, what factors supported her completion of the programme, and which conditions seemed to slow down the process. Findings from the interviews suggest that interaction in the learning, accessibility of the programme and encouragement from others were some of the factors that facilitated the completion of the programme. However, multiple roles for female students, technology related problems and disappointment were some of the major challenges for completion of the programme. Keywords: online course; Middle-aged; adult learning; interviews

Needs of farmers for guidance publication to the development of agricultural extension in Anbar, Iraq

Guidance publication one of the most important sources of information for farmers about crop techniques,knowledge, and cropping information to get high productivity. Targeted research to asses the relationship between the wheat grower information level and recommendations of the Scientific pamphlet of wheat and some independent variables studied, as well as identify social characteristics, and functional for extension workers, and determine the reasons for non-use of the indicative releases from the point of view of agricultural workers. Iraq determines the research community in all extension agents to maintain a (92 Advisor) and sample farmer b (145 farms) of village farmers discussed (414) farms, selected a random sample of 35% of the province's villages and all of the following villages: ( Qusaiba village, Parwana and sons Hassan and corner Walnhih , Znkorh and the village of Black Hill).Data were collected by personal interview from 3 January to 28 March 2014 through the resolution, analysis of research data on the frequencies, percentages and arithmetic mean, standard deviation, range, as any simple correlation coefficient. The most significant results show that (18.6%) are small and that the information category (31, 7%), them with the information medium, and that (49.6%) They are with high information. Moral relationship at 0.01 level (0.05) between the level of agricultural information and (Gender, age, cultural openness, sources of information), and non-moral moral level 0, 05 for each of the following independent variables (marital status, Farming, engagement, agricultural property type, participate in outreach activities, the trend towards agricultural innovations)

Adult Learning and Lifelong Learning and their Socio-Economic Contribution

This paper provides a synthesis learning from in adult learning literature. The paper starts by looking the rationale for adult learning which has its roots on informal learning. It offers in a nutshell some benefit of learning from adult education perspective. The paper provides a substantiation of a wide-ranging perspective of learning that accommodate social aspect of life than a narrowly understood classroom learning for certification. This paper intends to identify the immediate results of learning, offer the understanding of how learning influence on outcomes and offer practical examples from previous research. Last but not the least, the paper concludes by highlighting the wide understanding of learning from an adult education perspective. Keyword: adult learning, lifelong learning, social networking, socio-economi

A Need for Investigating Organizational Climate and Its Impact on the Performance

The role of agricultural extension in the development of agriculture throughout the world is very significant. It has remained one of the prime movers in the development of agriculture and invariably in the rural development. This paper reviewed some literature in organizational climate and its impact on the performance of agricultural extension workers in Iraq. The paper introduces some basic concepts underlying the meaning of agricultural extension, organizational climate and performance. The motivations and attentions are given to organizational climate to show through the relationship between the organizational climate and the other organizational changes, especially in the area of interaction between the individual and the regulatory environment which is determined by two basic axes.  First axis is the individual’s characteristics associated to a large extent to his knowledge system and his educational and cultural experiences. The second axis represents the internal work environment which describes the distinctive features of the organization. This paper distinguishes some characteristics which are organizational structure, communication system, and the nature of the work, leadership style, decision-making styles, colleagues of work, and the nature and physical of working environment. Keywords: Organizational climate, Leadership styles, Job satisfaction, performance, Organization, Agricultural Extension Workers.

Study of neurological behaviors resulting from neurotoxicity induced by methyl bromide in rats

Bromide and chloride are chemically related halide elements that the kidney works with to keep the overall body halide content balanced. Also Bromide is a element that known to cause many neurotoxic and other organs toxicity such as GIT tract, respiratory tract and liver. Therefore, we aimed in the present study on the effect of bromide at daily intake doses to investigate possible neurotoxic effect and modulate its possible mechanism and Ameliorative trail of Sodium chloride .Chloride-containing diuretics, In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that the levels of methyl bromide might induced neurobehavioral changes and disturbance in the oxidant and antioxidant mechanism due to the ability of methyl bromide to accumulate in the brain tissue that causes structural brain damage or disturbing of CNS activity and ameliorative trail of sodium chloride to neurotoxicit

Pregnancy outcomes and contraceptive use in women with rheumatoid arthritis: A comparative study

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common chronic autoimmune disorder that has a female predominance and commonly affects women of childbearing age, it is shown to remit during pregnancy in most studies and improve in about half of the patients when assessed with objective disease activity measurements. To assess the pregnancy outcomes in women with rheumatoid arthritis prior and after diagnosis and compare it with women with no chronic illness. To evaluate contraceptive practices and correlated contraceptive method efficacy with use of concomitant rheumatic medications. (Methotrexate, leflunomide). A total of 100 female patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis according to ACR/EULAR 2010 classification criteria were compared with apparently healthy female controls matching in age in this case- control study. Data was collected by questionnaires and interview. The questionnaires included demographic data and pregnancy outcomes, mode of delivery, contraceptive methods used by patients with the current use of methotrexate and leflunomide. The mean age for the patients and controls were 38.4+5.1 and 36.7+4.5 years respectively. The live births significantly decreased in female patients with rheumatoid arthritis in compare with controls and before diagnosis (p 0.010, p 0.002 respectively).&nbsp